The Jurisprudence And Qualitative Media Analysis - 963 Words

The number of interviews and focus groups combined with the jurisprudence and qualitative media analysis is designed to ensure a sufficiently robust sample within Spain and Australia. It will also enable me to conduct comparative analysis. Thanks to the work for my MA at Utrecht University, I know high-profile individuals within the Spanish and Australian criminal justice system that can act as gatekeepers, granting me access to each of my target populations as well as relevant documentation. I am aware that focus groups can be very time consuming, and that calling participants into the same focus group session on a particular day can be very complicated. However, this issue will be overcome thanks to the high hierarchical position of my gatekeepers, who can help me organise and summon into the focus groups any sort of participant from each criminal justice system. My main supervisor, Angus Nurse, also knows my gatekeepers personally, hence their availability is guaranteed. I plan to access al participants using snowballing sampling. My idea is that my gatekeeper/s in each country will help me recruit future subjects from among his acquaintances. Further methodological justification and epistemology The research methodology is qualitative, in order to elicit the proper understanding of the social reality being studied (Flick, 2009): forest arson as a state-corporate crime. Hence, the epistemology underpinning the research is clearly interpretivist. Qualitative methodsShow MoreRelatedBSBRSK501B Manage Risk Essay4580 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿BSBRSK501B Manage Risk Formative Assessments Activity 5 (1). SWOT Analysis Strength 1.Australian chain of upscale mid to high range departmental store 2.Myer has stores in all Australian states and the Australian Capital Territory 3.Variety of brands in affordable price gives consumer a lot of choices 4. Strong brand presence and reputation in Australia 5. Customer-focused service Weakness 1. Undeveloped distribution channel which serves only in some locations in Australia 2.Retail area pricesRead Morelevel of knowledge on the importance of basic personal hygiene among the Grade 5 pupils of WNU, Academic Year 2013-20147932 Words   |  32 Pageschain of infection is broken, infection cannot spread. In response to the need for effective codes of hygiene in home and everyday life settings the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene has developed a  risk-based approach  (based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP), which has come to be known as targeted hygiene. Targeted hygiene is based on identifying the routes of spread of pathogens in the home, and applying hygiene procedures at critical points at appropriate times to breakRead MoreBusiness Law Summary7817 Words   |  32 PagesCodes  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  books  where  acts  of  statue  are  united  in  a  structured  manner   Civil  law  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  does  differentiate  between  private  and  public  law,  Common  law  does   not      4.3  Islamic  law   Sharia  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Islamic  notion  of  law   Halal  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  Islamic  religion      5.1  Analysis,  Why?   From  a  business  perspective  an  analysis  of  the  regulatory  environment  is   needed  for  strategic  input  in  the  following  situations:   i)  in  selecting  new  markets,  the  regulatory  environment  is  a  selection  criterion   ii)  upon  entering  markets,  the  regulatory  environment  influences  the  entry  Read MoreCase 29 Panera Bread Company: Rising Fortunes?25159 Words   |  101 Pages GENERAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS External Analysis The external analysis is critical for a firm to understand to be able to realize the opportunities and threats that exist in the industry they are competing in to help achieve a strategic competitiveness. The external analysis consists of a general environmental analysis, industry analysis, five forces analysis, industry competitor’s analysis, and the key success factors for the industry. General Environment Analysis In order for a companyRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 PagesDiscrimination in health care 45 5.4.4 Discrimination in churches 46 5.4.5 Discrimination in education 47 5.4.6 Discrimination in processes promoted by international cooperation agencies and development aid 48 5.4.7 Discrimination through the media 48 2 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 5.4.8 The impact of racism on gender relations 5.4.9 Migration and racism 5.4.10 Advance of the agricultural frontier 5.5 Manifestations of ethnic discrimination

Defining Of The African Diaspora - 1930 Words

Defining African Diaspora When defining Diaspora, many aspects can come to mind. The topic of Diaspora usually brings to mind certain ethnic groups, but that of African and African-Americans typically are not considered. Diaspora is defined as â€Å"To refer to migrants who settle in distant lands and produce new generations, all the while maintaining ties of affection with and making occasional visits to each other and their homeland.† Usually those of Jewish heritage are known for Diaspora, but around the year 1963, at a conference on African history at the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, George Shepperson and Joseph E. Harris first coined the term of the African Diaspora. This identity was very important and became heavily†¦show more content†¦In order to completely understand the emphasis of the Black Atlantic, one could say that it can be described as a connection, showing its importance throughout history. Every historical journey, relationship, and instance that Africans have had encompasses and explains exactly what the Black Atlantic should. The African Diaspora and the Black Atlantic are both different and similar and they help to show the origins, migrations, and history of the African people. Without understanding both, it would be hard to fully imagine every aspect that pertains to African heritage, but because of both terms, opportunity to learn and appreciate have become available. The Analysis of Race by W.E.B. Du Bois and Howard Winant The concept of race has always been a prevalent part of history and has been a driving force in defining and understanding certain time periods. The analysis of race is something that is not always easy to do, but W.E.B. Du Bois and Howard Winant allowed readers to better understand within their articles. Du Bois begins the article by stating the ever changing and developing concept of race. He also gives the idea that race was a way to divide the masses, and this concept is clearly seen throughout several events in history. Because this divide, many would try to distinguish by physical characteristics rather than the personality, morals, and experience that a person could offer. Further into Du Bois’ argument, the

Feasibility Business Plan

Question: Discuss about the feasibility business plan. Answer: Introduction: The Incubation and Innovation concept which is initially derived from the constant need of students to develop their own unique individual concepts at affordable rates and at the same time being under the supervision of competent teachers and advisors who will provide appropriate guidance to the students. This particular concept was established in order to cater to various students who are equipped to come up with unique technological concepts but are not able to gain access to the required facilities and equipment regardless of their tuition fees. The location of this facility will enable the students to access various equipments which are quintessential for their development. The benefits of this facility will include:- Flexible working schedules for both instructors and students. Fostering and promoting of individual student talents. Fostering and development of unique ideas. The principle of this business plan is to present the institution with an outlined proposal of this venture so as to gain their funding as well as support. It is our belief that this plan will be established by the 3rd trimester of 2016 and be fully operational by the beginning of the year 2017. Structure and Service Details: The Incubation and Innovation Center will be under the current structure and ownership of this institution and the management rights will be leased to a detached entity. This facility will be situated at the old institution hall which fell vacant after the construction of a new hall. All the equipment which will be in the incubation and innovation center will be owned by the institution however, they will be provided as part of the leasing rights aforementioned. The expected services will include:- Maintenance services for various electronic devices. Inventing novel technology. Improving and streamlining of previous technology. S.W.O.T Analysis Strengths: Location. Expanding of tech. savvy market. Readily available manpower. Responses: Focus on external promotion and outsourcing. Weakness: Inadequate expansion due to facility. Invest in expansion of facility. Opportunities: Increase innovativeness. Promotion of institution due to technology sensitization. Offering guidance to tech. illiterate individuals. Threats: Decline of student numbers. Competition from major tech. firms. Retain current market. Base competition on price. Marketing Plan Suffice to mention that the core customers will be students as well as the general community within and without the institution in question. This will be the foremost focus group. The marketing mix will mainly focus mainly on three particular areas, viz, a viz, type of innovation, its efficiency, necessity, as well as its price. The main focus of the marketing approach will be price; this is estimated to occupy at least 70% of the marketing budget. Four Ps: Product The most generally understood shape of innovation tends to improve or introduce a service or product. The incubation and innovation centre will strive to provide a change in what is usually offered to various end users by engineering novel devices and improving on its quality, capability, and efficiency. An example of our product may be seen by a students innovativeness of creating a baby rocker. First and foremost, this is an errand which is particularly shunned off or ignored by many people. However, if a student creates or invents a baby rocker which is child-friendly, then a parent, particularly a mother, will have extra time to rest while the baby is being rocked by this particular innovation. Price Initially, we should ask ourselves what the process of delivering assorted products is. We must think about preparing or rather gathering tools and paraphernalia which are relevant to making electronic devices. We should then think about the labor which goes into making the finished products. Lastly, the detail which is put into the aforementioned product should be taken into consideration. After considering the above, we can then factor in the price which can be tagged on the finished device or product. To begin with, this product should appeal to the younger generation who are majorly, the student of this institution. Secondly, we must also consider the community populace and as such determine the specific price tag for the products. Promotion Unlike in the case of marketing mix, this stage is usually referred to as position phase in innovation. Promotion is related to our individual perception of a given product. It is thus a psychological category like one of the processes in this institution that affects the aforesaid aspect of innovation. We can therefore promote our product such that it appeals to the younger generation together with the general community. It is of paramount importance to consider the community as they will be drawn to the incubation and innovation centre due to novel innovations, thus expanding the wider market. Promotion and position is considered to be a significant phase in todays global marketplace. It is literally everything. Place The location of this institution is quite strategic. This simply means that the incubation and innovation center will provide the local people with the necessary novel innovations which will boost New Zealanders tech. market and position it on the global market. Market Segment: Demographic There are two types of demographics which the incubation and innovation centre will target. One will be the younger generation specifically from age 16 years to 28 years, and the other will be the rather older generation from age 29 years to 45 years. Market Share A market share is regarded as the percentage of a given market which is accounted for by a particular entity. The latter is said to be a vital indicator of market competitiveness. This means that the incubation and innovation centre will be in the advantageous position of gauging how well it is doing against its major tech. competitors. By capturing the share from competitors or growing with the market, the incubation and innovation centre will be able to gauge and forecast its perceived targets and expectations. The latter will also be able to closely monitor signs of change in the ever competitive landscape, its tactical actions as well as its frequent drives. Implementation Plan: In the initial six months, the incubation and innovation centre will be able to gain the necessary manpower which is required to firstly instruct the students and guide them, with regards to their individual projects. The latter will also be in the advantageous position of sourcing the readily available market within and without the institution by the use of word of mouth. The next six months will be about evaluating and following up on the projects progress. The incubation and innovation centre will hire professionals who will be in charge of assessing the performance of the business, pointing out mistakes or areas of improvement. Financial Plan Assets: Value Transistors 12000 Integrated Circuits 7000 Soldering Irons x30 9600 Rubber gloves x30 2700 Safety goggles x30 12524 Fire extinguishers x10 45656 Workstations x30 87454 Computers x30 360000 Safety helmets x30 1200 Total: 538,134 Pain Firstly, it is important to note that innovation and enterprise is no stranger to pain. Suffice to mention that each given stage of innovation tends to have a challenge; this is what is referred to as a pain point. By being able to appropriately identify a pain point in the development and promotion process of innovation, one is placed at an advantage because they will be able to mitigate the pain points. With regards to innovation and enterprise, pain refers to specific pain points which tend to influence the latter. For instance, in the aforementioned feasibility business plan, pain is inclined to arise from the designing process of a potential innovation, the prototyping process, the implementation process, and not to mention, the delivery process of the desired innovations which will be showcased in the Incubation and Innovation Center.

What effect did the Norman Conquest have on Ireland Essay Example

What effect did the Norman Conquest have on Ireland Essay This paper discusses the Norman conquest of Ireland, which began in 1170 and the impact this had on Irish life, including religion, society and politics. It concludes that the immediate effect of the invasion and conquest was the re-organization of Ireland’s administration, which became more centralized and subject to Norman sovereignty.   A parallel development took place in the Irish Church, which was re-organized and placed more emphatically under the jurisdiction of the Pope. Within Irish society, a process began that resulted in segments of society becoming culturally more English, a process that over time had important consequences for literature and the arts. Although this paper focuses on the immediate consequences of conquest, it briefly describes the long termEffect, which would subject Ireland to colonial rule for almost a thousand years, resulting in exploitation and oppression of a whole people.Primary material consulted are The Song of Dermot and the Earl and t he chronicle of Gerald of Wales. The Song is a poem in Old French from a mss (the Carew mss) housed in Lambeth Palace, London. It was written in the late twelfth century. The author is unknown but whoever penned the work â€Å"did not rely solely on written materials† but included some eyewitness testimony (Orpen and Regan xix).   A certain Maurice Regan, who had served as King Dermot’s interpreter, is said to have â€Å"showed† the author â€Å"his history†. The poem covers the arrival in Ireland of Strongbow, Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1130-1176) in 1170 followed by Henry II of England (1133-1189) in 1171. While the author is unknown, the poem is written from the perspective of King Dermot (Mac Murchadha or Dermot MacMurrough, 1110-1171).   The poem begins with high praise for Dermot, describing him as loving the generous, hating the mean and as a â€Å"worthy king† (3). Gerald of Wales (1146-1223) gives an account of the conques t in his chronicle, available at the Fordham University Medieval Sourcebook. Gerald was related to many of the Normans who invaded Ireland and describes them as heroes. His description of Dermot is unflattering:Now Dermot was a man tall of stature and stout of frame; a soldier whose heart was in the fray, and held valiant among his own nation. From often shouting his battle-cry his voice had become hoarse. A man who liked better to be feared by all than loved by any. One who would oppress his greater vassals, while he raised to high station men of lowly birth. A tyrant to his own subjects, he was hated by strangers; his hand was against every man, and every mans hand against him Barnard 26).Strongbow also left an account, edited by Barnard. In addition, the papal bull, Laudabiliter issued by Pope Adrian in 1155 and Pope Alexander’s confirming edict of 1171 provide primary material, available at Library Ireland.Who were the Normans?The Normans who invaded the then free and sov ereign territory of Ireland were the rulers and elite of the Angevin Empire, which combined the territories of the Duke of Normandy with those of the English kings following the Norman conquest of England by William the Conqueror (1027-1087 ) in 1066. Henry II was the first ruler of the House of Plantagenet, and was territorially ambitious. He may have had Ireland in sight for some time before 1155, when in return for a pledge of allegiance Pope Adrian IV ceded Ireland to him with his bull. At this period, the Pope believed that he had the authority to cede any territory considered pagan to a Christian ruler who could invade and conquer provided that they also evangelized the people and brought them under the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. It was on the same basis that, for example, the Bull Inter Caetera (1492) would divide the new world up between Spain and Portugal.   Behind both Bulls lies the conviction that the Pope is the earthly representative of Jesus Christ, who is King of Kings and therefore sovereign of the whole world. However, why was Ireland considered pagan when Saint Patrick has taken Christianity there in the and Irish missionaries had kept the faith against Viking raids as well as sending missionaries into continental Europe, a story told by historian Thomas Cahill (1995).The answer lies in the way in which Christianity developed in Ireland, where it evolved into what is referred to as the Celtic Church or Celtic Christianity. Also, areas of Ireland remained pagan or Christianity there had assimilated local tradition. One of the problems of describing Celtic Christianity is that because the tradition died out, writers tend to read into it their own ideas so that it can champion their agenda on such issues as gender equality and a nature reverencing spirituality so that Celtic Christianity becomes â€Å"an artificial construction created out of wishful thinking, romantic nostalgia and the projection of all kinds of dreams about wh at should and might be† (Bradley vii). What can be said is that Easter was celebrated at a different time, that monks wore the tonsure differently, that Abbots appear to have exercised more authority than bishops and that the latter did not have a fixed seat. Writers add to this conjecture that women and men enjoyed greater equality (perhaps women were priests) and that monastic communities may have included some married men and women as well as celibate monks. A reverence for nature as a vehicle of divine revelation is also associated with Celtic Christianity which expressed itself in â€Å"poetry and music† in â€Å"spirituality† and mysticism (Bradley 75). Suffice it to say that the Pope wanted bishops to exercise authority and for irregularities in belief and worship to cease. Even before the Norman conquest, there was a reforming movement in Ireland, led by the bishops who may have thought it would be in their own interests to conform with Rome (Duffy 72). R emaining outside the Roman Empire, Ireland had not inherited the administrative divisions that elsewhere were accommodated to the structures of the Church, with bishops as centralized authority figures. According to a contemporary writer, Ireland in the twelfth century was regarded as a â€Å"magical and mysterious country† one that was â€Å"just as exotic as the far-off lands of the East† (Bradley 74).   To Henry and the Pope, it was a land that required taming. The Bull refers to â€Å"rebellious, godless and pagan rulers†.Ireland in the Twelfth Century: What led to the Norman Invasion.Ireland was a loose confederation of local clan chiefs and kings until Brian Boru (940-1014) became High King, unifying the clans and chiefs under his rule. When he died, however, no successor was able to occupy the throne and only did so against the threat of rebellion.   Subsequently, various rivals bid for the High Kingship. Dermot was king of Leinster, succeeding his ol der brother. The high King opposed Dermot’s succession, fearing that he might try to claim the throne. Dermot was temporarily removed.   However, after regaining his throne he was again ousted by the next High King, who invaded Leinster in 1166. Fleeing to Wales, Dermot later met Henry II in France and asked him for help in regaining his throne and obtained â€Å"letters authorizing† Henry’s â€Å"vassals† to aid him (Duffy 55). He then met with Strongbow, probably before 1167 who pledged his support. Almost certainly, Dermot had resolved both to regain Leinster and to claim the high kingship, since he offered Leinster Strongbow (Duffy 66) even though technically he did not have the authority, since kingship in Ireland â€Å"was exclusive to the male descendants of previous kings†. Gerald says that Strongbow did have a claim based on his marriage to Dermot’s daughter (Duffy 66).Dermot invaded Ireland, recovered Leinster but was then defeat ed, so called Strongbow to keep his pledge. Dermit had some Norman help before 1170 when Strongbow arrived but this marks the real beginning of the Norman Conquest that soon brought the territory around Dublin under control. In 1171, Henry II decided to consolidate the conquest, becoming the first English king to visit Ireland (Duffy 60). He took with him some 500 knights and 4000 archers (Duffy 71) Henry’s main lieutenant in Ireland was Hugh de Lacy (d. 1186) whose ancestor had landed in England with William I. According to Duffy, Henry did not entirely approve of Strongbow’s invasion which he saw as â€Å"freelance† and wanted to assert royal control (71). Over the next century, although Gallic or Irish enclaves remained, most of the island fell to Norman rule. According to Duffy, the bishops welcomed the conquest and submitted â€Å"without hesitation† to Henry (72).   Many Kings also willingly submitted, seeing in him a protector against the indepen dent invasions of English barons (101).   Known as Hiberno-Normans, these barons owed loyalty to no one Conquest was steady although interrupted in â€Å"1173, when both Strongbow† and De Lacy â€Å"were summoned by Henry for military service in Normandy† and William FitzAudelin was placed in charge (Roche 197. Dermot died from disease, towards the end of 1171. The former kingdoms became counties, which were fewer in number. From the late twelfth century until the Tudor period, the Earls of Kildare (the FitzGeralds) acted as Deputy Lords of Ireland.What was the short-term impact?Over the short term, large parts of Ireland became subject to English rule. Henry, who took the title â€Å"Lord of Ireland† as bestowed in the bull then appointed his son, John (known as John of England, or John Lackland, 1166- 1216) as Lord in 1185 (Duffy 94). Henry III succeeded John in 1216. The feudal system was introduced.   Strongbow headed the â€Å"pyramid of lordship† and under him land was parceled out in â€Å"manageable estates† (Duffy 82).   Bishops became administrators of Diocese but Henry began a tradition of appointing only non-Irish Archbishops of Dublin and by the â€Å"late thirteenth century† bishops â€Å"were sometimes absentees† who rarely visited Dublin (Duffy 105). Bishops, too, became feudal lords with the Archbishop acting as â€Å"an instrument of English government in Ireland† (Duffy 105). Henry convened a synod at Cashel where the bishops embraced reforms (Roche 192).The system of parishes with established borders and permanent clergy, then only embryonic in Ireland, replaced the loose organization and was welcomed by the clergy (Duffy 73). Although most Irish kings were confirmed in their posts, real power now lay with the English. Some dioceses were amalgamated, which alienated those who lost status. The â€Å"monastic center of Glendalough† famous for its learning â€Å"all but pass ed out of the pages of history† when it ceased to be the seat of a bishop (Duffy 106).   Normans were encouraged to settle (Duffy 83). Boroughs were established. Irish who remained â€Å"beyond the pale† (outside of Norman territory) were forbidden from marrying Normans, from speaking English while Normans were forbidden from wearing Irish clothes and from learning Gallic. With land newly sub-divided and a rotation of crops established, â€Å"the appearance of the very countryside was different, filled with such new manors and farms, and with new towns, castles, mills, churches and religious houses †¦ peopled with a fairly high density of immigrant communities speaking a different language† from the native population (Duffy 112).Cahill points out that in this respect the Hibernian-Normans were different and became â€Å"more Irish than the Irish† (213) intermarrying and adopting Irish customs. Dublin was given its first charter (Roche 190).   On t he one hand, creating boroughs gave a degree of local autonomy.   On the other hand, both secular and religious administration was centralized. Celtic Christianity declined and the â€Å"Irish church as it had existed for 700 years †¦ was to be no more, and it was to be no more by its own volition† (Duffy 74). However, Bradley points out that as a result of the Norman Conquest, something of a revival of interest in this tradition occurred.   He says that this revival corresponded with renewed interest in the Arthurian legend as Normans attempted to establish their own cultural claim to English origins and identity (Bradley viii). Before the invasion, Ireland was divided into 150 kingdoms.   Now, there was a single lordship (Rigby 145). A parliament was convened in 1297.   This continued until abolished by the Act of Union in 1800.Long term effectDuffy says that the Norman invasion left a permanent mark on Ireland, representing an episode of â€Å"conquest, colon ization and cultural change† that â€Å"contributed to the making of Europe as we know it† (85). Ireland would not be entirely free again. Since the end of colonial rule in 1922, the island of Ireland has been divided between the South and the North, which remains part of the United Kingdom.   He says that Henry’s invasion is probably the single most important â€Å"turning point in Irish history† yet comments that at the time this was not as catastrophic as later writers suggest. If we depend only on contemporary Irish accounts, we might be unaware that a radical transformation took place (Duffy 85). This is due to the way in which the invasion occurred, with Irish collusion not least of all that of Dermot but also with the support of the bishops and of many Irish rulers. Dermot would subsequently be portrayed as a traitor to Ireland, although according to Duffy there had been â€Å"nothing ‘unpatriotic’ about the how Irish kings had flock ed to Henry or about Dermot â€Å"inviting English assistance† although tradition would think otherwise. By tradition, the kings chose a high king and there was no reason why that King had to be Irish.The kings may well have regarded submission to Henry as temporary (Duffy 71). Duffy, though, cites the seventeenth-century Annals of the Four Masters that described Dermot as having â€Å"done extensive damage to the Irish† and as dying from â€Å"an insufferable and unknown disease through the miracles of God† (75). US President John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) wrote a drama based on the story of Dermot, warning his citizens to learn a lesson about devotion to their country by pointing the finger of scorn at the example six hundred years since exhibited, of a country sold to a foreign invader by the joint agency of violated marriage vows, unprincipled ambition and religious imposture† (xii-xiv). Reference to the violation of marriage vows is to the alleged abdu ction by Dermot of the wife of one of his rivals. The place played by the Papal Bull also complicates the issue of legality, in terms of the law of the day. Roche points out that not much mention was made at the time of the Bull but suggests that this helps to explain why the bishops cooperated with Henry. He also notes that Henry was by then â€Å"out of favor† with the Pope (due to the murder of Thomas Becket) so may not have alluded in public but only in private to the Bull (192).   The bull was later reaffirmed.One interesting result of the conquest was that Ireland became more staunchly loyal to the Pope than the majority remained in England, whose Henry VIII led the English Church into Protestantism. By 1220, Norman power in Ireland had seriously declined and only Dublin remained under English rule.   Elsewhere, Irish rulers regained power. Wars elsewhere, lack of sufficient settlers and others factors, including constant revolts made it difficult to sustain English power. In 1315, Robert the Bruce (1274-1329) invaded Ireland, extending his fight with the English to the island. He was actually crowned high king in 1329, which supports the idea that for the Irish to ally themselves with non-Irish even to appoint a non-Irish king was not, at least then, thought unpatriotic.It was Henry VIII (1491-1547) who decided to re-assert English rule in Ireland. He closed monasteries and began a series of repressive measures against Catholics. Ireland under the Normans had yielded good crops and proved profitable.   Even the small enclave that remained under English rule was profitable, so when Henry turned his attention toward Ireland he was at least in part motivated by profit. Under Henry VIII and subsequent English rulers, who from 1541 took the title king of Ireland, the tactics employed by Henry II and John were replicated. Protestants were encouraged to settle. Many did so in the North, which would choose to remain part of the United Kingdom when independence or home rule was finally granted Ireland. Power was taken out of Irish hands. Catholics were subjected to many restrictions, increasingly losing land and becoming impoverished. Over time, Ireland became so poor that Cahill describes it as â€Å"a third world country at the edge of Europe† (213).   Many aspects of traditional Irish culture were destroyed.   In some respects, the way in which the colonial power went about destroying local culture resembles the type of cultural genocide that took place across the globe during the years of European imperialism.   So many Irish migrated elsewhere that the population was â€Å"reduced by a third.†Ã‚   1171 saw the start of what the Book of Leinster described as the â€Å"wretched rule† of the English, who â€Å"came to Ireland and â€Å"destroyed it† (Duffy 75).The Book of Leinster dates from the late twelfth century. Yet the Irish remained independent of spirit and developed what might be c alled a love-hate relationship with the British.   Neither Gallic culture nor the Gallic language ever quite disappeared. Also, just as the Hibernian-Normans became more Irish than the Irish, some Irish became more English than the English, at least in terms of mastering the language. Ireland has produced many literary giants of the English language, a long-term effect of the Norman Conquest, although the Normans at the time spoke a form of French. As part of the Angevin Empire, then of the British Empire, the Irish were linked with the wider world, from which for some years before the invasion of 1170-1171 they had been isolated. Through migration and service overseas with the British Empire, Irishmen traveled the world. What can be said is that the Norman conquest â€Å"irrevocably changed† the â€Å"course of Irish history† as well as transforming the â€Å"face of Ireland† (Duffy 81).